Phase diagram and electrochemical properties of mixed olivines from first-principles calculations

Phase diagram and electrochemical properties of mixed olivines from first-principles calculations. Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Using first-principles calculations, we study the effect of cation substitution on the transition-metal sublattice in phospho-olivines, with special attention given to the Li x ͑Fe 1−y Mn y ͒PO 4 system. We use a cluster expansion model derived from first-principles with Monte Carlo simulations to calculate finite-T phase diagrams, voltage curves, and solubility limits of the system. The phase diagram of Li x ͑Fe 1−y Mn y ͒PO 4 shows two low-temperature miscibility gaps separated by a solid solution phase centered at Li composition x Ϸ y, which corresponds to a state where most Fe ions are oxidized and most Mn are not. This intermediate low-T solid solution is stabilized by the dilution of phase-separating interactions caused by the disorder of redox potentials on the transition-metal sites. The calculated voltage curves show two plateaus at ϳ4 – 4.2 V and ϳ3.5– 3.7 V, corresponding to the Mn 3+ / Mn 2+ and Fe 3+ / Fe 2+ redox couples, respectively, with an extended sloping region in between corresponding to the low-T solid solution phase. In agreement with experiment, we find that the Mn 3+ / Mn 2+ ͑Fe 3+ / Fe 2+ ͒ voltage is decreased ͑increased͒ by Fe ͑Mn͒ substitution. We explain this by considering the energy of the solid solution which is the discharged ͑charged͒ state for these redox couples and argue that such changes are generic to all mixed olivine systems. We also find reduced phase transformation polarization on both plateaus which we attribute to the decreased composition difference between the oxidized and reduced state for each redox couple